Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

The soil beneath agricultural fields harbours an extraordinary diversity of microbial life that constitutes a largely invisible yet profoundly influential workforce governing agroecosystem functioning. Bacteria, archaea, fungi, and their complex mycorrhizal networks collectively mediate nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, plant hormone production, pathogen suppression, and stress alleviation—processes that underpin crop productivity and long-term ecological sustainability. Despite decades of investigation, our understanding of how these communities are assembled, how they interact, and how agricultural management practices modulate their composition and function remains incomplete. This review synthesises current knowledge on the structural and functional dimensions of the soil microbiome and mycorrhizal networks in agricultural contexts, with particular emphasis on mechanisms by which these biological agents enhance crop resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, mediate critical nutrient transformations, and contribute to the sustainability of agroecosystems. Key findings highlight that mycorrhizal fungi—especially arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi—extend plant root architecture, facilitate phosphorus and micronutrient acquisition, and strengthen plant defences through systemic signalling pathways. Rhizobacteria possessing plant growth-promoting traits, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilisation, phytohormone production, and ACC deaminase activity, substantially improve crop performance under stress conditions. The emerging consensus indicates that agricultural intensification, agrochemical dependency, and tillage disruption critically impair microbial diversity and network complexity, with cascading consequences for ecosystem services. Conversely, organic farming, reduced tillage, and targeted bioinoculant applications demonstrably restore and enhance microbial community richness and functionality. The integration of microbiome science into precision agriculture and sustainable crop management strategies thus represents a compelling frontier for twenty-first-century food systems. Future research must address the challenges of translating microbiome knowledge into reliable field-scale interventions whilst accounting for edaphic variability and climate change pressures.