Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

Impact of Benzyl Adenine Application on Early and Uniform Flowering in Orchids

Manuel Alex — 2026-07-03

Orchid cultivation is a high-value horticultural enterprise in the southern states of India; however, irregular flowering often limits profitability. A Front Line Demonstration (FLD) was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kottayam, Kerala, at Karukachal during 2023–24 and 2024–25 to assess the effectiveness of benzyl adenine (BA, 100 ppm) in inducing early flowering in Dendrobium orchids and to evaluate its adoption by farmers. The demonstration was carried out in farmers’ fields by comparing BA-treated plants with traditional practices. Results indicated a marked improvement in flowering percentage, with demonstration plots recording 82.00% flowering compared with 36.00% under farmers’ practice in 2023–24. Improved qualitative traits were also observed, including early spike initiation, uniform flowering, an increased number of flowering shoots per plant, and enhanced plant vigour. Economic analysis revealed higher gross returns of Rs. 5.42 lakhs/ha and net returns of Rs. 3.62 lakhs/ha in demonstration plots compared with farmers’ practice, which recorded gross returns of Rs. 3.51 lakhs/ha and net returns of Rs. 1.71 lakhs/ha, with a benefit-cost ratio of 3.01. The large extension gap highlights the need for wider dissemination of BA technology. The study indicates that BA application is an economically viable practice for inducing early flowering, improving productivity, and enhancing farmers’ income in orchid cultivation.

Soil Fertility Assessment Based on Primary, Secondary and Micronutrient Status under Different Land Use Systems in Arid Western Rajasthan, India

Kishan Kumar — 2026-05-27

Assessment of soil fertility status under different land use systems is essential for sustainable nutrient management, particularly in arid regions where soils are inherently poor in organic matter and nutrient holding capacity. The present study was conducted to evaluate the status of primary, secondary and micronutrients in soils under irrigated cropland, rainfed cropland and pasture land of Balesar block of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan, India. A total of sixty surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected and analysed for available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, manganese, copper and zinc using standard analytical procedures. The results showed that available nitrogen ranged from 50 to 150 kg ha⁻¹ and all soils were low in nitrogen irrespective of land use system. Available phosphorus was mostly in the low to medium category, whereas potassium was generally medium in all soils. Secondary nutrients such as calcium and magnesium were found to be sufficient in all land use systems, while sulphur ranged from medium to high. Among micronutrients, iron and manganese were mostly in the medium category, copper was sufficient in most samples, whereas zinc deficiency was observed in many soils, especially under rainfed and pasture land. Irrigated cropland showed comparatively higher nutrient status due to regular fertiliser application and organic inputs, whereas rainfed soils showed lower nutrient availability. The study revealed that the land use system significantly influences soil nutrient status and can be effectively used for fertility evaluation in arid soils.

Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen and Sulphur on Yield, Quality and Economics of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Anjali Bhardwaj — 2026-05-28

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is an essential oilseed crop, which is widely cultivated for edible oil, rich in essential fatty acids. A field experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Research Farm of S.D.J. Post Graduate College, Chandeshwar, Azamgarh, affiliated with Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur (U.P.), during the Rabi (winter) seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 to evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen and sulphur on yield, quality and economics of Indian mustard. The experiment covered four nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha^-1) and four sulphur levels (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg ha^-1) tested in a Randomised Block Design and replicated thrice. The result revealed that the seed yield (23.11and 23.15 q ha^-1), stover yield (78.79 and 79.2 q ha^-1), harvest index (22.66 and 23.57%) and quality attributes, viz., oil content (39.88 and 41.47%), Iodine value (106.8 and 111.07), were recorded at 120 kg N ha^-1. In case of sulphur application, the maximum seed yield (21.34 and 21.49 q ha^-1), stover yield (73.5and 73.47 kg ha^-1), harvest index (22.64 and 23.55%), and quality attributes like oil content (40.7 and 42.33%), Iodine value (105.85 and 110.08) were recorded at 45kg S ha^-1. The combination of 120 kg N with 45 kg S ha^-1proved to be the most effective, leading to increased net return and a higher B: C ratio (2.85 and 3) compared to other nitrogen and sulphur levels in both years (2020-21 and 2021-22). It concluded that 120 kg N with 45kg S ha^-1 is possible to produce more yield, better quality and cost-effective in mustard crops under the agro-climatic conditions of Eastern U.P.

Efficacy of Different Fungicide Including Bio-fungicides against Rhizoctonia solani Causing Black Scurf Disease of Potato under Field Condition

Shyam Lal — 2026-06-09

Black scurf of potato caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is a major soil-borne disease responsible for significant yield and quality losses in potato-growing regions. Field experiments were conducted during 2024–25 and 2025–26 at SIF, C.S.A.U. & T., Kanpur, to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides and biofungicides against black scurf disease under field conditions. A total 17 treatments comprising tuber treatment and soil drenching with biofungicides (Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis) and fungicides (penflufen, pencycuron, carbendazim + mancozeb, and thiram) were tested in a randomized block design with three replications using infected seed tubers of cv. Kufri Chipsona-1. The results from both years revealed that all treatments significantly improved germination, plant growth, and yield while reducing disease incidence, severity, and black scurf disease index (BSDI) compared to untreated control. Among all treatments, tuber treatment with pencycuron 22.9 SC @ 0.25% proved most effective, recording the highest germination (up to 93.66%), maximum plant height (up to 59.74 cm), lowest disease incidence (7.83%), severity (3.46%), and BSDI (0.36%), along with the highest tuber yield (326.73 q/ha). This was closely followed by penflufen 240 FS @ 0.083% and Trichoderma harzianum treatments. Whereas, biofungicides were moderately effective, with T. harzianum performing better than other bioagents. In contrast, the untreated control recorded the highest disease incidence (up to 41.63%) and lowest yield (248.33 q/ha). Overall, the study demonstrates that tuber treatment with pencycuron, followed by penflufen and T. harzianum, is highly effective for managing black scurf disease of potato under field conditions. Integration of chemical fungicides with biofungicides can be a promising strategy for sustainable disease management.

Comparative Effect of Organic (Cow Dung and Poultry Manure) and Inorganic Fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10) on Growth Response and Physiological Performance of Solanum lycoperscum (Tomato)

Onyekachukwu M. Adinkwu — 2026-06-09

Background & Aim: Fertilization strategies are carried out to influence the growth and physiological quality of plants. However, the increasing need for sustainable agriculture and eco-friendly practices, has brought about an increase in the use of organic manure. This study aims to evaluate the comparative efficacy of organic (cow dung, and poultry manure) and inorganic (NPK 20:10:10) fertilizer on growth response and physiological performance of Solanum lycoperscum (Tomato).

Study Design: The seeds of tomato variety Cobra 26 were used for this study. Three weeks old tomato seedlings were transplanted into 4 groups of transplanting bags. Control group containing only topsoil; NPK group containing 5g of NPK 20:10:10 + 10kg topsoil; Poultry droppings group containing 250g of poultry droppings + 10kg topsoil and cow dung group containing 250g of cow dung + 10kg topsoil. Morphological and agronomic data was collected weekly for 5 weeks starting from week 2 after transplantation.

Methodology: Tomato growth determined with leaves numbers and plant height. Chlorophyll a and b content was estimated via spectrophotometric methods. The Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to determine total phenol content in plant leaves, stem and root. Biomass was evaluated by taking the total dry weight of plant leaves, fruits, root and stems.

Results: Number of leaves increased significantly with weeks as follows; control (19.33 - 61), cow dung (19.33-62.67), poultry manure (13.67 - 79) and NPK (22.33 - 95). Plant height increased with weeks as follows; Control (8.03 - 20.03), cow dung (7.20-24.90), poultry manure (5.73 - 31.63) and NPK (9.87 - 38.17). An increase in plant biomass was observed with control (18.11g), cow dung (11.20g), poultry manure (25.93g) and NPK (35.74g). Total phenol (mg GAE/g FW) increased in the leaves (control, 44.17; NPK, 51.50; cow dung, 75.02; poultry manure, 92.47) stem (control, 30.47; NPK, 37.61; cow dung, 61.98; poultry manure, 77.75) and root (control, 20.18; NPK, 25.84; cow dung, 46.19; poultry manure, 63.70). An increase was observed in chlorophyll a (mg/g^-1) (control, 19.38; NPK, 25.62; cow dung, 31.89; poultry manure, 41.55) and b (control, 4.42; NPK, 7.58; cow dung, 10.74; poultry manure, 13.58).

Conclusion: Inorganic NPK treatments are highly effective at promoting rapid vegetative expansion and biomass accumulation while organic manure, notably poultry manure, provide superior benefits regarding biochemical composition, including elevated total phenol and chlorophyll levels.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Germination, Growth and Seed Yield of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

Sonal Verma — 2026-06-10

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), an important spice crop, often suffers from poor and uneven germination due to hard seed coats and physiological dormancy, leading to reduced crop establishment and yield. Plant growth regulators such as GA₃ and NAA can improve germination, growth, and productivity, with previous studies showing significant enhancements in plant growth, flowering, and seed yield in coriander. A field investigation was conducted during the rabi season of 2024-25 at the College of Horticulture and Research Station, Sankara, Patan, Durg, Chhattisgarh, to evaluate the influence of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the germination and growth of coriander. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments and three replications. Treatments included varying concentrations of Gibberellic Acid (GA₃), Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), and Thiourea. Results revealed that seed soaking with GA₃ @ 150 ppm (T₃) was the most effective treatment, recording the minimum days taken to seed germination (3.5 days), highest germination percentage (83.67%), and maximum seed yield (16.3 q ha⁻¹). NAA @ 150 ppm was found to be the next best alternative, while the control group showed the poorest performance across all parameters.

Influence of Seed Priming with Seaweed-based Biostimulant on Growth and Yield of Maize under Water Stress Conditions in West Bengal, India

Hazika Shabir — 2026-06-15

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the world’s most important cereal crops, but its productivity is frequently limited by water stress. Seed priming with biostimulants has proven to be an effective technique for increasing seed vigour, germination, and crop establishment in adverse environmental conditions. The study was conducted during the pre-kharif season of 2024 at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, to evaluate the effect of seed priming with a seaweed-based biostimulant (Ascophyllum nodosum extract) on growth, physiological parameters, and yield of maize under water stress conditions. The experiment was conducted in a randomised block design with seven treatments and six replications of the maize variety Vikram. Before sowing, seeds were treated with varying concentrations of A. nodosum extract and a bio-enzyme (Seedplus). The findings revealed that seed priming had a significant effect on field emergence, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), plant height, root length, cob characteristics, and maize yield attributes. Seed priming with A. nodosum at 1.5 ml kg^-1 seed (T₄) resulted in the highest field emergence (49.67%), SPAD value (37.98), root length (78.42 cm), cob length (25.07 cm), number of seeds per cob (386.67), and seed weight per cob (132.50 g). This treatment produced the highest seed yield (12.22 kg plot^-1 and 10.18 t ha^-1), indicating superior performance under water stress conditions. The seaweed extract contains growth-promoting substances, micronutrients, and phytohormone-like compounds that improve metabolic activity, nutrient uptake, and stress tolerance, which may explain the increased growth and yield. The study suggests that seed priming with Ascophyllum nodosum extract at 1.5 mL/kg seed is an effective and sustainable strategy to improve maize productivity under water stress conditions. It may be recommended for cultivation in regions with limited water availability.

Optimisation of Fertiliser Requirements for Cotton Grown under Irrigated Alfisols

D. Vijaya Lakshmi — 2026-06-19

Variability in rainfall, nutrient imbalance and soil constraints limit cotton productivity, while irrigation can alter nutrient availability, crop nutrient uptake and yield potential. A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2023 and Kharif 2024 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Nagarkurnool district, Telangana, India, to evaluate irrigation and fertiliser management in cotton grown on Alfisols. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with two irrigation levels, rainfed (I₀) and irrigated (I₁), as main treatments and five fertiliser treatments as sub-treatments: farmers’ practice, recommended dose of fertilisers (RDF), RDF + 5 t FYM ha⁻¹, 120% RDF + 5 t FYM ha⁻¹ with four split applications of urea and 120% RDF + 5 t FYM ha⁻¹ with five split applications of urea. Data pooled over two years showed that irrigation significantly increased kapas yield (1836 kg ha⁻¹) and stalk yield (3184 kg ha⁻¹) compared with rainfed conditions. Among fertiliser treatments, 120% RDF + 5 t FYM ha⁻¹ with five split applications of urea recorded the highest kapas yield (1940 kg ha⁻¹) and stalk yield (3156 kg ha⁻¹), followed by the four-split treatment with the same nutrient level. Irrigation also produced higher gross returns (Rs. 142,374 ha⁻¹), net returns (Rs. 78,994 ha⁻¹) and benefit-cost ratio (2.25) than rainfed cultivation. Among nutrient treatments, the five-split treatment recorded the highest net returns (Rs. 82,186 ha⁻¹) and benefit-cost ratio (2.2). The irrigation × fertiliser interaction was non-significant. The results indicate that irrigation, integrated nutrient management and split nitrogen application can improve cotton productivity and profitability in Alfisols under the conditions of this study.

Soil–Nutrient Interactions and Drivers of Nutrient Availability in Semi-Arid Pomegranate Orchards of Western Maharashtra, India

Y. R. Shinde — 2026-06-20

Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important fruit crop in India, and Maharashtra’s Solapur district is a leading production region. Proper soil fertility management is essential for maintaining yield, quality, and resilience to environmental challenges.

Aims: The present study aimed to assess variability in soil chemical properties and to examine interrelationships among major nutrients, secondary nutrients, and micronutrients in pomegranate-growing soils of Solapur district, Maharashtra, India, to support site-specific nutrient management strategies.

Study Design: A field survey-based analytical study was conducted using descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis to evaluate soil fertility variability and nutrient interactions.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the major pomegranate-growing tahsils of Solapur district, Maharashtra, namely Madha, Pandharpur, Sangola, Malshiras, and Mohol. Surface soil samples were collected from representative orchards during the cropping season.

Methodology: A total of 150 surface soil samples (0–15 cm depth) were collected from pomegranate orchards across the selected five tahsils. Soil samples were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), macronutrients (N, P, K, and S), secondary nutrients (Ca, Mg, and Na), and micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and B) using standard laboratory procedures. Descriptive statistics, including mean, range, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (CV), were calculated. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to determine relationships among soil properties and nutrients.

Results: The soils were slightly alkaline, with a mean pH of 8.09 and low variability (CV = 4.12%). Electrical conductivity exhibited high variability (CV = 50.20%), indicating differences in soil salinity across locations. Organic carbon showed a moderate positive correlation with nitrogen (r = 0.39). Available nitrogen varied from 97.80 to 338.45 kg ha⁻¹ (CV = 26.81%), while phosphorus ranged from 7.64 to 30.87 kg ha⁻¹ (CV = 27.07%) and potassium ranged from 162.28 to 660.20 kg ha⁻¹ (CV = 36.26%), occurring predominantly in medium to high fertility classes. Sulphur was high in 87% of samples, ranging from 12.04 to 67.20 mg kg⁻¹ (CV = 39.40%). Iron showed substantial variability (CV = 55.62%). Correlation analysis indicated a moderate positive association between OC and N (r = 0.39), whereas negative correlations involving EC may indicate that increasing salinity affects the availability or mobility of certain nutrients.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated considerable spatial variability in soil fertility parameters across pomegranate-growing regions of Solapur district. Organic carbon had an important role in nutrient availability, while localised salinity variation influenced nutrient distribution. The findings emphasise the need for site-specific nutrient management practices to improve soil health, nutrient use efficiency, and sustainable pomegranate production.

Integrated Nutrient Management through FYM, Zinc and Magnesium for Enhancing Yield of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) cv. Pusa Snowball-16

Swapnil Srivastava — 2026-06-25

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is a nutritionally rich and commercially important vegetable crop whose productivity largely depends on balanced nutrient management. The integrated application of farmyard manure (FYM) with micronutrients such as zinc and magnesium can improve soil fertility and nutrient uptake, thereby enhancing the yield and quality of cv. Pusa Snowball-16. A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2024–25 and 2025–26 at the Horticulture Farm, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, to evaluate the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) and micronutrient application on the growth and developmental parameters of cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball-16. The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Block Design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised control (T₁), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ (T₂), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₃), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₄), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₅), and Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₆).

The results revealed significant improvements in all yield parameters due to integrated nutrient application. Among all treatments, T₅ (FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹) recorded the highest curd depth (9.15 and 9.49 cm), curd diameter (12.79 and 12.63 cm), curd size index (128.44 and 125.26 cm²), net curd weight (1255.09 and 1185.99 g), gross curd weight (1502.82 and 1447.67 g), yield per plot (9.02 and 8.69 kg), yield per hectare (90.17 and 86.86 t ha⁻¹), and harvest index (64.18 and 60.86%) during both years.

The study concluded that the integrated application of FYM with zinc and magnesium significantly enhanced curd development and productivity of cauliflower. The results revealed significant differences among treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Treatment T₅ (FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹) recorded the highest curd depth, curd diameter, curd size index, net curd weight, gross curd weight, yield per plot, yield per hectare, and harvest index during both years.

Effect of Farmyard Manure and Micronutrient Application on Growth and Development of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) cv. Pusa Snowball-16 at Rajasthan, India

Swapnil Srivastava — 2026-06-25

Cauliflower is a nutritious and economically important cool-season cruciferous vegetable that originated in the Eastern Mediterranean region and was introduced to India in 1822. Its growth, yield and quality are highly dependent on suitable environmental conditions, soil health and appropriate nutrient management. A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2024–25 and 2025–26 at the Horticulture Farm, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India, to assess the effects of farmyard manure and micronutrient application on growth and developmental parameters of cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball-16. The study was laid out in a randomised block design comprising six treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised the control (T₁), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ (T₂), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₃), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₄), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₅) and Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₆).

The results revealed significant variation among treatments for all growth and developmental parameters. Treatment T₅ recorded the maximum plant height (36.14 and 35.94 cm), number of leaves per plant (19.17 and 17.35), leaf size (869.31 and 825.30 cm²), plant spread (51.56 and 51.32 cm), and the minimum days to curd initiation (57.98 and 57.49 days) during both years, respectively. The same treatment also recorded the earliest curd maturity from transplanting (73.71 and 73.12 days). The study indicated that the integrated application of FYM with zinc and magnesium significantly enhanced vegetative growth and accelerated developmental processes in cauliflower.

Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of FYM, zinc and magnesium on the growth and developmental attributes of cauliflower. The results revealed significant differences among treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Treatment T₅ (FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹) recorded the maximum plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and plant spread, while also reducing the days to curd initiation and maturity.

Effect of Fruit Thinning Practices on Fruit Yield and Economics of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera l.) cv. Local

Shailesh K. Chaudhary — 2026-06-30

A field experiment was conducted during 2024 at the Horticultural Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, to evaluate the effect of fruit thinning practices on yield-related parameters and economics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Local. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design with three replications and eleven treatments, including different levels of strand thinning, strand shortening, individual fruit thinning and an untreated control. Among the treatments, thinning 50% strands per bunch (T4) produced the highest fruit length (4.02 cm), fruit diameter (1.78 cm), 10-fruit weight (74.26 g), 10-fruit pulp weight (64.94 g), pulp: stone ratio (6.98) and number of fruits per strand (27.17). The effects of fruit thinning were non-significant for 10-fruit stone weight, number of bunches per palm, bunch weight and fruit yield expressed as kg/palm and t/ha. The highest fruit yield (115.75 kg/palm; 18.06 t/ha) and the highest net realisation (₹400665/ha) with a benefit-cost ratio of 2.84 were recorded under thinning 30% strands per bunch (T3). The findings indicate that fruit thinning, particularly 50% strand thinning, improved selected fruit physical traits, whereas 30% strand thinning provided the best yield and economic outcome under the conditions of this study.

Metroglyph Analysis for Estimation of Morphological Variation in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Germplasm

Himasira Chandrahas Ankem — 2026-07-01

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop with considerable significance for food and nutritional security. The present study evaluated morphological variation among 21 chickpea genotypes, including 20 germplasm lines and the check variety Pusa-362, using Metroglyph and index score analysis. The experiment was conducted using a randomised block design with three replications, and data were collected for twelve quantitative traits associated with phenology, plant architecture, yield-contributing attributes and seed yield. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits examined, indicating the presence of considerable genetic variability within the experimental material. For all traits, the phenotypic coefficient of variation exceeded the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation, suggesting the influence of environmental factors on trait expression. High broad-sense heritability estimates were observed for biological yield (96.28%), days to maturity (96.02%), and number of pods per plant (95.96%), reflecting the predominance of genetic effects in the inheritance of these traits. Furthermore, high genetic advance expressed as a percentage of the mean was recorded for biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, and seed yield per plant, indicating substantial scope for improvement through phenotypic selection and highlighting the effectiveness of these traits as selection criteria in breeding programmes. Based on Metroglyph analysis using number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant as plotting characters, the 21 genotypes were grouped into four complexes containing 11, 7, 2 and 1 genotype(s), respectively. Total index scores ranged from 20 to 29. Genotypes CG 75, CG 287 and CG 101 recorded high index scores and were distributed across different complexes, indicating their potential utility as diverse parental lines. The study suggests that Metroglyph analysis can support the preliminary classification of chickpea germplasm and assist in identifying promising genotypes for breeding programmes.

Impact of Biorational Insecticides on the Population of Syrphid Flies in Cowpea under Field Conditions

Suman — 2026-07-06

Aim: This study evaluated the impact of selected biorational insecticides on the population of syrphid fly maggots in cowpea under field conditions.

Study Design: The experiment was conducted in a randomised block design with eleven treatments, including an untreated control, and three replications. Cowpea variety CPD-119 was sown in plots of 3 m × 2 m at a spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm.

Place and Duration of Study: The investigation was carried out at the Instructional Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, during the Kharif seasons of 2024 and 2025.

Methodology: Syrphid fly maggot populations were recorded from five randomly selected and tagged plants in each plot. Observations were taken one day before spraying and at one, three, seven and ten days after each insecticidal application. The percentage reduction in population was calculated using Henderson and Tilton’s formula and analysed statistically after angular transformation.

Results: The pooled data indicated that the tested insecticides differed in their adverse effects on syrphid fly maggots. Fipronil 5 SC caused the greatest reduction in syrphid fly population, followed by spiromesifen 22.9 SC. Flubendiamide 39.35 SC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, spinosad 45 SC and emamectin benzoate 5 SG showed moderate adverse effects. NSKE 5% and azadirachtin 0.03 EC recorded the lowest reductions, followed by Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15 WP and Lecanicillium lecanii 1.15 WP.

Conclusion: Botanical and microbial treatments were comparatively safer to syrphid fly maggots than fipronil and spiromesifen.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Yield and Economic Return from Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. Pusa Desi

Nandnam Mishra — 2026-07-07

The present study aimed to determines the effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Yield and Economic Return from Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. Pusa Desi. The study was conducted during the Rabi season of 2025–26 at the Horticulture Experiment Field, SAAST, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur (U.P.). The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments and three replications, comprising different combinations of the recommended dose of fertilisers (RDF), farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost and neem cake. Among all the treatments, T2 (100% RDF: NPK @ 100:50:50 kg/ha) recorded the maximum plant height (37.80 cm), root length (34.03 cm), root diameter (5.46 cm), average root weight (270.23 g) and root yield (42.83 t/ha), along with the highest gross return (Rs. 6,42,450/ha), net return (Rs. 4,99,482/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (3.49). T5 (75% RDF + vermicompost @ 1.5 t/ha) recorded the highest number of leaves per plant (14.26), TSS (4.46°Brix) and vitamin C content (16.92 mg/100 g). Based on overall performance, T2 (100% RDF) is recommended where maximum yield and economic return are the primary objectives, while T5 (75% RDF + vermicompost @ 1.5 t/ha) may be adopted where quality improvement and reduced chemical fertiliser use are priorities and may be considered the most suitable INM treatment for sustainable radish cultivation under the Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh.

Effect of Conservation Tillage and Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, and Productivity Performance of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in a Pearl Millet–Chickpea Cropping System of the Indo-Gangetic Plains

Tarun Gaur — 2026-07-10

A field experiment was conducted during the 2022–23 and 2023–24 kharif seasons at the ICAR–Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, to assess the effects of conservation tillage and integrated nutrient management on the growth, yield attributes, productivity and economics of pearl millet in a pearl millet–chickpea cropping system. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Four tillage treatments, namely ZT–ZT, ZT–CT, CT–ZT and CT–CT, were assigned to main plots, while four nutrient management treatments were allotted to sub-plots. Pooled results showed that tillage and nutrient management significantly influenced crop performance. Among tillage practices, ZT–ZT recorded the highest plant height (203.83 cm), dry matter accumulation (172.70 g plant⁻¹), SPAD value (63.11), biological yield (259.89 q ha⁻¹), grain yield (36.80 q ha⁻¹), stover yield (223.09 q ha⁻¹), net return (₹65,872 ha⁻¹) and benefit–cost ratio (1.85). Among nutrient management treatments, FYM @ 10 t ha⁻¹ + crop residue (100%) + biofertilisers produced the highest dry matter accumulation (178.99 g plant⁻¹), SPAD value (63.28), biological yield (263.58 q ha⁻¹), grain yield (37.78 q ha⁻¹), stover yield (225.80 q ha⁻¹), net return (₹61,304 ha⁻¹) and benefit–cost ratio (1.69). The findings indicate that zero tillage combined with organic amendments, crop residue retention and biofertilisers can improve pearl millet productivity and profitability under the studied conditions.

Adoption Behaviour of Organic Manures by Grape Growers in Karnataka, India

K. M. Chethan Kumar — 2026-07-10

The present study examined the adoption behaviour of organic manures among grape growers in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka during 2023–24. An ex-post facto research design was used. Chikkaballapura district was purposively selected because it has a larger area under grape cultivation in southern Karnataka. Two taluks, namely Chikkaballapura and Sidlaghatta, were selected based on the area under grape cultivation. From these taluks, 12 villages were selected, and 120 grape growers, comprising 60 small farmers and 60 big farmers, were included in the study. Data were collected using a pre-tested interview schedule and analysed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, correlation and multiple regression analysis. The findings showed that 44.17 per cent of grape growers had low adoption of organic manures, 35.83 per cent had medium adoption and 20.00 per cent had high adoption. Overall, 80.00 per cent of respondents belonged to the low-to-medium adoption categories. Farmyard manure and oil cakes were more commonly adopted, whereas vermicompost, green leaf manure and biofertilisers showed lower adoption. Education, knowledge regarding organic manures, economic orientation, mass media participation, extension participation and extension contact showed a highly significant relationship with adoption. Age, experience in grape cultivation, cosmopoliteness, innovativeness and risk orientation showed a significant relationship with adoption. The study indicates the need for focused extension interventions, practical training and improved access to organic inputs to enhance adoption among grape growers.

Tillage, No-till, and Climate-smart Farming: A Critical Review of Long-term Sustainability Outcomes

Suraj Jadhav — 2026-05-25

Tillage management lies at the heart of debates about sustainable agriculture, soil health, and climate change mitigation. As global interest in conservation agriculture and climate-smart farming intensifies, a rigorous reassessment of the long-term sustainability outcomes of tillage and no-till systems has become essential. This article presents a critical narrative review of the peer-reviewed literature on the agronomic, environmental, and socioeconomic dimensions of conventional tillage, no-till, and conservation agriculture, considered within the emerging framework of climate-smart agriculture. The evidence reveals a nuanced picture: no-till management offers meaningful benefits for soil physical properties, aggregate stability, water conservation, and reduced fuel emissions, but its role as a net greenhouse gas mitigation strategy is more limited and context-dependent than commonly assumed. While no-till often concentrates soil organic carbon in surface horizons, evidence for consistent deep-profile gains remains contested. Nitrous oxide emissions show mixed patterns that are strongly influenced by climate, soil drainage, and duration of practice. Crop yield responses to no-till vary considerably by crop type, aridity, and companion management practices; the integration of cover cropping and diverse crop rotations substantially enhances performance. Adoption barriers remain considerable among resource-poor smallholder farmers, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where promised productivity gains have frequently fallen short of expectations. Climate-smart agriculture provides a useful policy lens for aligning tillage decisions with adaptation, mitigation, and food security objectives, but its implementation requires site-specific targeting rather than prescriptive adoption. This review calls for integrated, context-sensitive tillage strategies underpinned by long-term experimental evidence, robust life-cycle accounting, and participatory approaches that respect the constraints of diverse farming communities.

Emphasis on the Sustainable Approach to Nanotechnology in Agriculture Applications: A Review

Deen Dayal Bairwa — 2026-06-02

The continuously increase of the world's population and food demand has put tremendous pressure on agricultural systems to improve productivity while being environmentally sustainable. Conventional agricultural practices that depend mostly on chemical fertilizers and pesticides have resulted in soil deterioration, water pollution and decreased biodiversity. Nanotechnology has emerged as a game-changing way to address these issues through precision agriculture, enhanced nutrition delivery and reduced environmental impact. This review focuses on sustainable approaches to nanotechnology in agriculture, such as nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanosensors and nano-enabled soil management. The nanomaterials are biocompatible, nontoxic, photostable and have high potential future prospective applications of nano-derived agricultural waste materials. Green sustainable approaches, nanotechnology techniques are concerned, namely green synthesis, controlled release systems and eco-friendly formulations. Due to positive expectations, there are still more hurdles to overcome such as toxicity, allowed structures, and feasibility. The potential of nanotechnology to improve endurable agriculture is huge and these research benefits from that, as long as it is used responsibly, with proper risk assessment and regulatory guidelines.

Valorisation of Passion Fruit Rind for the Development of Eco-Friendly Edible Coatings

Sachna Shah — 2026-06-04

Valorising agro-industrial by-products is an essential strategy for promoting sustainability and addressing waste management challenges. Yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa), predominantly grown for its pulp, produces significant residual biomass in the form of pomace and peels. These by-products, rich in compounds such as dietary fibre, pectin, and polyphenols, offer diverse functional properties suitable for various innovative applications. This review explores the potential of passion fruit residues, focusing on their use in biodegradable edible coatings. Edible coatings derived from passion fruit waste present a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic packaging. The high pectin and fibre content in these residues enables the development of edible films and coatings with excellent mechanical properties and preservation capabilities, thereby enhancing the shelf life of food and reducing dependency on plastic materials. This approach not only minimises waste but also meets the growing demand for sustainable and health-oriented food options. By converting fruit processing waste into value-added edible coatings, this strategy aligns with circular economy principles and supports the reduction of plastic dependency in food packaging. While the functional benefits are promising, further research is needed to optimise extraction methods, improve coating formulations, and assess consumer acceptance for large-scale applications. This review underscores the potential of passion fruit by-products as sustainable materials for edible coating development, contributing to waste valorisation and environmentally conscious food preservation strategies.

Pre-sowing Seed Treatments in Acacia catechu Willd.: A Critical Review of Their Biological Basis, Comparative Efficacy and Practical Implications for Forest Nursery Management

Kritika Navrang — 2026-06-10

Acacia catechu Willd. is an ecologically and economically significant deciduous tree of South Asian origin, prized for its heartwood-derived catechin, medicinal properties, tanning compounds, timber, and contribution to agroforestry systems across South and Southeast Asia. Reproduction through seed is the principal method of propagation for large-scale nursery and reforestation programmes, yet germination capacity in this species is severely constrained by physical dormancy arising from an impermeable seed coat that prevents water uptake under ambient conditions. This review critically examines the spectrum of pre-sowing treatments investigated to overcome seed dormancy in A. catechu, including mechanical scarification, hot water immersion, dry heat application, sulphuric acid scarification, alternative chemical treatments, hormonal and growth-regulator applications, biological treatments, and combined methodologies. The literature for this review was identified through systematic searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases encompassing both major interdisciplinary platforms and field-specific resources. Databases searched included Web of Science (Core Collection), Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, CAB Abstracts, AGRIS (the FAO international agricultural and food science database), TREESEARCH (the United States Forest Service research archive), BioOne, and the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) Seed Science and Technology database. The biological mechanisms underpinning each approach are discussed in relation to the anatomy of the A. catechu seed coat, and the relative efficacy of each category is assessed against published germination data. The review situates A. catechu germination research within the wider context of leguminous seed biology, revealing methodological inconsistencies, knowledge gaps, and practical recommendations for nursery practitioners. The evidence indicates that concentrated sulphuric acid scarification and optimised hot water treatments produce the most consistently high germination percentages, while mechanical scarification represents an accessible and effective alternative for resource-limited nurseries. Hormonal treatments, particularly gibberellic acid, demonstrate a supplementary rather than primary role. Standardised comparative trials employing agreed germination metrics remain necessary before universal protocols can be prescribed.

From Medicine to Ecology: A Comprehensive Review of Marigold (Tagetes spp.) as a Multipurpose Crop

Shailesh Acharya — 2026-06-10

Marigold (Tagetes spp., family Asteraceae) is a genus of flowering plants whose documented applications span pharmacology, sustainable agriculture, industrial chemistry, and landscape ecology. Originating from Mesoamerica, the genus encompasses approximately 50–56 species, of which Tagetes erecta L. (African marigold) and Tagetes patula L. (French marigold) are the most widely cultivated and scientifically investigated. This review synthesises current evidence on the phytochemical composition of Tagetes spp.—encompassing carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenoid essential oils, and thiophene derivatives—and critically evaluates the mechanistic basis of their pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, wound-healing, and anticancer properties. The agricultural significance of Tagetes is examined in relation to nematode management, allelopathy, integrated pest management, and soil biological health. The ecological contributions of the genus, from pollinator support to phytoremediation, are assessed alongside the considerable industrial and commercial value of Tagetes-derived carotenoids in poultry nutrition, food science, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. Four summary tables consolidate key findings on phytochemistry, pharmacology, agricultural applications, and industrial uses. The review identifies persistent gaps in the evidence base, notably the paucity of clinical data for medicinal applications, the limited mechanistic characterisation of soil microbiome interactions, and the absence of standardised protocols for extract preparation and quality control. The accumulated evidence firmly establishes Tagetes as a genuinely multipurpose genus, and suggests that its strategic integration into sustainable food and health systems warrants substantially greater scientific and policy attention.

A Review of Natural Farming and Soil Health Restoration: Mechanisms and Long-Term Impacts

Rajpal Singh — 2026-06-27

Natural farming (NF) is a biological and ecological approach adopted to rejuvenate soil functional processes, strengthen agroecosystem resilience, and reduce the use of artificial chemical agro-inputs. This review analyses the NF approach in terms of its principles, mechanisms, consequences, and limitations, with particular attention to soil health restoration. NF is based on agroecological principles such as minimum soil disturbance, constant soil cover, maintenance of living root systems, biologically driven nutrient recycling, inclusion of livestock manure, and exclusion of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, which together support soil biogeochemical processes and the re-establishment of soil-plant-microbe interactions. Biogeochemically, NF increases soil organic carbon (SOC) content, microbial activity and diversity, and the activity of enzyme systems (dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and urease), leading to accelerated nutrient mineralisation and improved nutrient use efficiency. At the same time, it contributes to the physical stabilisation of soil and water retention through increased aggregation, porosity, and water-holding capacity. Finally, NF strengthens pest and disease resistance through biologically mediated control based on competitive and antagonistic microbial interactions. Prolonged application of NF systems contributes to higher soil fertility, improved carbon sequestration capacity, increased biodiversity, and yield stability under changing climatic conditions. Nevertheless, barriers include limited long-term and multi-locational empirical data, performance differences across agroecological zones, lack of standardisation in bio-input production, and yield instability during the transition phase. Future research should focus on integrated approaches that combine NF technologies with precision agriculture tools, microbiome-based indicators of soil health, and effective carbon accounting systems.