Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

Tillage, No-till, and Climate-smart Farming: A Critical Review of Long-term Sustainability Outcomes

Suraj Jadhav, Sagar Kamble, Sachin Patil, Dnyaneshwar Raut, Sudarshan Shende — Mon, 25 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Tillage management lies at the heart of debates about sustainable agriculture, soil health, and climate change mitigation. As global interest in conservation agriculture and climate-smart farming intensifies, a rigorous reassessment of the long-term sustainability outcomes of tillage and no-till systems has become essential. This article presents a critical narrative review of the peer-reviewed literature on the agronomic, environmental, and socioeconomic dimensions of conventional tillage, no-till, and conservation agriculture, considered within the emerging framework of climate-smart agriculture. The evidence reveals a nuanced picture: no-till management offers meaningful benefits for soil physical properties, aggregate stability, water conservation, and reduced fuel emissions, but its role as a net greenhouse gas mitigation strategy is more limited and context-dependent than commonly assumed. While no-till often concentrates soil organic carbon in surface horizons, evidence for consistent deep-profile gains remains contested. Nitrous oxide emissions show mixed patterns that are strongly influenced by climate, soil drainage, and duration of practice. Crop yield responses to no-till vary considerably by crop type, aridity, and companion management practices; the integration of cover cropping and diverse crop rotations substantially enhances performance. Adoption barriers remain considerable among resource-poor smallholder farmers, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where promised productivity gains have frequently fallen short of expectations. Climate-smart agriculture provides a useful policy lens for aligning tillage decisions with adaptation, mitigation, and food security objectives, but its implementation requires site-specific targeting rather than prescriptive adoption. This review calls for integrated, context-sensitive tillage strategies underpinned by long-term experimental evidence, robust life-cycle accounting, and participatory approaches that respect the constraints of diverse farming communities.

Emphasis on the Sustainable Approach to Nanotechnology in Agriculture Applications: A Review

Deen Dayal Bairwa, Satyesh Raj Anand, Rajendra Bairwa, Shailendra Sharma — Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The continuously increase of the world's population and food demand has put tremendous pressure on agricultural systems to improve productivity while being environmentally sustainable. Conventional agricultural practices that depend mostly on chemical fertilizers and pesticides have resulted in soil deterioration, water pollution and decreased biodiversity. Nanotechnology has emerged as a game-changing way to address these issues through precision agriculture, enhanced nutrition delivery and reduced environmental impact. This review focuses on sustainable approaches to nanotechnology in agriculture, such as nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanosensors and nano-enabled soil management. The nanomaterials are biocompatible, nontoxic, photostable and have high potential future prospective applications of nano-derived agricultural waste materials. Green sustainable approaches, nanotechnology techniques are concerned, namely green synthesis, controlled release systems and eco-friendly formulations. Due to positive expectations, there are still more hurdles to overcome such as toxicity, allowed structures, and feasibility. The potential of nanotechnology to improve endurable agriculture is huge and these research benefits from that, as long as it is used responsibly, with proper risk assessment and regulatory guidelines.

Valorisation of Passion Fruit Rind for the Development of Eco-Friendly Edible Coatings

Sachna Shah, K. T. Suman, Seeja Thomachan, C. L. Sharon, E. R. Aneena — Thu, 04 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Valorising agro-industrial by-products is an essential strategy for promoting sustainability and addressing waste management challenges. Yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa), predominantly grown for its pulp, produces significant residual biomass in the form of pomace and peels. These by-products, rich in compounds such as dietary fibre, pectin, and polyphenols, offer diverse functional properties suitable for various innovative applications. This review explores the potential of passion fruit residues, focusing on their use in biodegradable edible coatings. Edible coatings derived from passion fruit waste present a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic packaging. The high pectin and fibre content in these residues enables the development of edible films and coatings with excellent mechanical properties and preservation capabilities, thereby enhancing the shelf life of food and reducing dependency on plastic materials. This approach not only minimises waste but also meets the growing demand for sustainable and health-oriented food options. By converting fruit processing waste into value-added edible coatings, this strategy aligns with circular economy principles and supports the reduction of plastic dependency in food packaging. While the functional benefits are promising, further research is needed to optimise extraction methods, improve coating formulations, and assess consumer acceptance for large-scale applications. This review underscores the potential of passion fruit by-products as sustainable materials for edible coating development, contributing to waste valorisation and environmentally conscious food preservation strategies.

Pre-sowing Seed Treatments in Acacia catechu Willd.: A Critical Review of Their Biological Basis, Comparative Efficacy and Practical Implications for Forest Nursery Management

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Acacia catechu Willd. is an ecologically and economically significant deciduous tree of South Asian origin, prized for its heartwood-derived catechin, medicinal properties, tanning compounds, timber, and contribution to agroforestry systems across South and Southeast Asia. Reproduction through seed is the principal method of propagation for large-scale nursery and reforestation programmes, yet germination capacity in this species is severely constrained by physical dormancy arising from an impermeable seed coat that prevents water uptake under ambient conditions. This review critically examines the spectrum of pre-sowing treatments investigated to overcome seed dormancy in A. catechu, including mechanical scarification, hot water immersion, dry heat application, sulphuric acid scarification, alternative chemical treatments, hormonal and growth-regulator applications, biological treatments, and combined methodologies. The literature for this review was identified through systematic searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases encompassing both major interdisciplinary platforms and field-specific resources. Databases searched included Web of Science (Core Collection), Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, CAB Abstracts, AGRIS (the FAO international agricultural and food science database), TREESEARCH (the United States Forest Service research archive), BioOne, and the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) Seed Science and Technology database. The biological mechanisms underpinning each approach are discussed in relation to the anatomy of the A. catechu seed coat, and the relative efficacy of each category is assessed against published germination data. The review situates A. catechu germination research within the wider context of leguminous seed biology, revealing methodological inconsistencies, knowledge gaps, and practical recommendations for nursery practitioners. The evidence indicates that concentrated sulphuric acid scarification and optimised hot water treatments produce the most consistently high germination percentages, while mechanical scarification represents an accessible and effective alternative for resource-limited nurseries. Hormonal treatments, particularly gibberellic acid, demonstrate a supplementary rather than primary role. Standardised comparative trials employing agreed germination metrics remain necessary before universal protocols can be prescribed.

From Medicine to Ecology: A Comprehensive Review of Marigold (Tagetes spp.) as a Multipurpose Crop

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Marigold (Tagetes spp., family Asteraceae) is a genus of flowering plants whose documented applications span pharmacology, sustainable agriculture, industrial chemistry, and landscape ecology. Originating from Mesoamerica, the genus encompasses approximately 50–56 species, of which Tagetes erecta L. (African marigold) and Tagetes patula L. (French marigold) are the most widely cultivated and scientifically investigated. This review synthesises current evidence on the phytochemical composition of Tagetes spp.—encompassing carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenoid essential oils, and thiophene derivatives—and critically evaluates the mechanistic basis of their pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, wound-healing, and anticancer properties. The agricultural significance of Tagetes is examined in relation to nematode management, allelopathy, integrated pest management, and soil biological health. The ecological contributions of the genus, from pollinator support to phytoremediation, are assessed alongside the considerable industrial and commercial value of Tagetes-derived carotenoids in poultry nutrition, food science, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. Four summary tables consolidate key findings on phytochemistry, pharmacology, agricultural applications, and industrial uses. The review identifies persistent gaps in the evidence base, notably the paucity of clinical data for medicinal applications, the limited mechanistic characterisation of soil microbiome interactions, and the absence of standardised protocols for extract preparation and quality control. The accumulated evidence firmly establishes Tagetes as a genuinely multipurpose genus, and suggests that its strategic integration into sustainable food and health systems warrants substantially greater scientific and policy attention.

A Review of Natural Farming and Soil Health Restoration: Mechanisms and Long-Term Impacts

Sat, 27 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Natural farming (NF) is a biological and ecological approach adopted to rejuvenate soil functional processes, strengthen agroecosystem resilience, and reduce the use of artificial chemical agro-inputs. This review analyses the NF approach in terms of its principles, mechanisms, consequences, and limitations, with particular attention to soil health restoration. NF is based on agroecological principles such as minimum soil disturbance, constant soil cover, maintenance of living root systems, biologically driven nutrient recycling, inclusion of livestock manure, and exclusion of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, which together support soil biogeochemical processes and the re-establishment of soil-plant-microbe interactions. Biogeochemically, NF increases soil organic carbon (SOC) content, microbial activity and diversity, and the activity of enzyme systems (dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and urease), leading to accelerated nutrient mineralisation and improved nutrient use efficiency. At the same time, it contributes to the physical stabilisation of soil and water retention through increased aggregation, porosity, and water-holding capacity. Finally, NF strengthens pest and disease resistance through biologically mediated control based on competitive and antagonistic microbial interactions. Prolonged application of NF systems contributes to higher soil fertility, improved carbon sequestration capacity, increased biodiversity, and yield stability under changing climatic conditions. Nevertheless, barriers include limited long-term and multi-locational empirical data, performance differences across agroecological zones, lack of standardisation in bio-input production, and yield instability during the transition phase. Future research should focus on integrated approaches that combine NF technologies with precision agriculture tools, microbiome-based indicators of soil health, and effective carbon accounting systems.

A Review on Conventional and Modern Propagation of Papaya (Carica papaya L.): Emphasis on Seed Treatments, Growth Regulators and Nursery Media

Samarpreet Singh, Krishan Kumar Singh, J. M. S. Rawat — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an important tropical and subtropical fruit crop valued for its nutritional, economic and horticultural importance. The availability of healthy and uniform planting material is a key requirement for successful papaya cultivation, as seed germination, seedling vigour, sex expression and genetic variability can strongly influence field establishment and productivity. This review summarises conventional and modern propagation approaches used in papaya, with emphasis on seed propagation, vegetative multiplication, grafting, cuttings, growing media, plant growth regulators and tissue culture-based techniques. Seed propagation remains the most widely used method because it is simple and economical; however, it may produce variable progenies and uneven germination because of seed dormancy, sarcotesta-associated inhibitors, seed maturity, storage conditions and environmental factors. Pre-sowing treatments, particularly gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate, soaking, washing and suitable nursery media, have been reported to improve germination and early seedling growth. Vegetative methods, such as cuttings and grafting, can help maintain desirable traits, reduce variability and support the multiplication of selected genotypes, although their success depends on mother-plant health, rooting conditions, scion quality and nursery management. Modern techniques, including micropropagation, in vitro regeneration, anther culture and somatic embryogenesis, provide opportunities for rapid multiplication of elite and disease-free planting material. Overall, integrated propagation strategies that combine appropriate seed treatments, growth media, vegetative methods and tissue culture approaches may improve the production of vigorous and uniform papaya planting material.

Soil Health and Agricultural Productivity in Cooch Behar District of West Bengal, India: A Critical Review

Kashi Kanta Barman, Ram Krishna Mandal — Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Soil health underpins the agrarian economy of Cooch Behar district, a Terai–Teesta alluvial tract in northern West Bengal where more than four-fifths of the working population depends directly on cultivation. This review synthesises the dispersed literature on soil physical, chemical and biological condition in the district and situates it within the wider body of research on soil health assessment, nutrient management and climate-linked land degradation across the eastern Indo-Gangetic and Brahmaputra alluvial belt. Evidence drawn from soil health card records, block-level soil quality indices and regional arsenic and micronutrient surveys indicates that the district's young alluvial soils, while inherently fertile, are increasingly constrained by declining organic carbon, moderate to strong acidification, imbalanced macronutrient ratios and localised trace element loading. Soil quality indices computed for the twelve administrative blocks of the district cluster in the low-to-moderate range, correlating positively with paddy and jute productivity but revealing marked spatial heterogeneity linked to drainage, groundwater depth and cropping intensity. The review further examines how national soil testing and advisory mechanisms, integrated nutrient management practices and climate variability interact with these local conditions, and it identifies methodological and data gaps that limit a fully quantitative district-level soil health index for Cooch Behar. The discussion closes with priorities for site-specific research, extension design and policy alignment capable of reversing the observed fertility decline while sustaining the rice–jute–maize–potato cropping systems that define the regional economy.

Nutrient Recycling under Deciduous Plantations in the Tropics and Subtropics: Mechanisms, Dynamics and Management Implications

Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Deciduous tree plantations in tropical and subtropical regions are important sources of timber, fuelwood and landscape restoration cover, yet their capacity to sustain productivity over successive rotations depends on nutrient recycling processes that remain unevenly documented. This critical narrative review synthesises evidence on four principal nutrient-recycling pathways under deciduous and seasonally deciduous plantation cover: litterfall and decomposition, foliar nutrient resorption, throughfall and stemflow, and fine-root turnover with associated nitrogen mineralisation. The evidence indicates that nutrient return in deciduous systems is strongly seasonal, with major aboveground inputs concentrated around leaf senescence and subsequent decomposition pulses after rainfall resumes. Species identity affects both litter quantity and litter chemical quality, so total litter mass alone is an inadequate indicator of nutrient return. Evidence for foliar resorption supports its role as an internal conservation mechanism, but does not justify a universal claim that deciduous species resorb nutrients more efficiently than evergreen species. Throughfall and stemflow are potentially important canopy-mediated nutrient pathways, particularly for potassium and base cations, but direct studies in tropical deciduous plantation canopies are scarce. Belowground evidence indicates substantial fine-root contributions to nutrient cycling, although estimates remain method-dependent and geographically concentrated. Teak monocultures have been associated with declines in nitrogen, phosphorus or organic matter accumulation in some South and Southeast Asian chronosequences, whereas evidence from Ghana and from some Eucalyptus systems shows more context-dependent outcomes. These inconsistencies suggest that nutrient decline is not an inevitable species-intrinsic effect, but reflects interactions among soil parent material, rainfall, stand age, harvesting intensity, litter removal, fire history and species composition. Sustainable management therefore requires site-specific strategies, including litter retention, slash conservation, mixed-species design, conservative harvest residue management and long-term rotation-scale nutrient monitoring.

Impact of Benzyl Adenine Application on Early and Uniform Flowering in Orchids

Manuel Alex, G. Jayalekshmi, Gadha Sreekumar, Asha V Pillai — Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Orchid cultivation is a high-value horticultural enterprise in the southern states of India; however, irregular flowering often limits profitability. A Front Line Demonstration (FLD) was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kottayam, Kerala, at Karukachal during 2023–24 and 2024–25 to assess the effectiveness of benzyl adenine (BA, 100 ppm) in inducing early flowering in Dendrobium orchids and to evaluate its adoption by farmers. The demonstration was carried out in farmers’ fields by comparing BA-treated plants with traditional practices. Results indicated a marked improvement in flowering percentage, with demonstration plots recording 82.00% flowering compared with 36.00% under farmers’ practice in 2023–24. Improved qualitative traits were also observed, including early spike initiation, uniform flowering, an increased number of flowering shoots per plant, and enhanced plant vigour. Economic analysis revealed higher gross returns of Rs. 5.42 lakhs/ha and net returns of Rs. 3.62 lakhs/ha in demonstration plots compared with farmers’ practice, which recorded gross returns of Rs. 3.51 lakhs/ha and net returns of Rs. 1.71 lakhs/ha, with a benefit-cost ratio of 3.01. The large extension gap highlights the need for wider dissemination of BA technology. The study indicates that BA application is an economically viable practice for inducing early flowering, improving productivity, and enhancing farmers’ income in orchid cultivation.

Soil Fertility Assessment Based on Primary, Secondary and Micronutrient Status under Different Land Use Systems in Arid Western Rajasthan, India

Wed, 27 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Assessment of soil fertility status under different land use systems is essential for sustainable nutrient management, particularly in arid regions where soils are inherently poor in organic matter and nutrient holding capacity. The present study was conducted to evaluate the status of primary, secondary and micronutrients in soils under irrigated cropland, rainfed cropland and pasture land of Balesar block of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan, India. A total of sixty surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected and analysed for available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, manganese, copper and zinc using standard analytical procedures. The results showed that available nitrogen ranged from 50 to 150 kg ha⁻¹ and all soils were low in nitrogen irrespective of land use system. Available phosphorus was mostly in the low to medium category, whereas potassium was generally medium in all soils. Secondary nutrients such as calcium and magnesium were found to be sufficient in all land use systems, while sulphur ranged from medium to high. Among micronutrients, iron and manganese were mostly in the medium category, copper was sufficient in most samples, whereas zinc deficiency was observed in many soils, especially under rainfed and pasture land. Irrigated cropland showed comparatively higher nutrient status due to regular fertiliser application and organic inputs, whereas rainfed soils showed lower nutrient availability. The study revealed that the land use system significantly influences soil nutrient status and can be effectively used for fertility evaluation in arid soils.

Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen and Sulphur on Yield, Quality and Economics of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Thu, 28 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is an essential oilseed crop, which is widely cultivated for edible oil, rich in essential fatty acids. A field experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Research Farm of S.D.J. Post Graduate College, Chandeshwar, Azamgarh, affiliated with Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur (U.P.), during the Rabi (winter) seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 to evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen and sulphur on yield, quality and economics of Indian mustard. The experiment covered four nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha^-1) and four sulphur levels (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg ha^-1) tested in a Randomised Block Design and replicated thrice. The result revealed that the seed yield (23.11and 23.15 q ha^-1), stover yield (78.79 and 79.2 q ha^-1), harvest index (22.66 and 23.57%) and quality attributes, viz., oil content (39.88 and 41.47%), Iodine value (106.8 and 111.07), were recorded at 120 kg N ha^-1. In case of sulphur application, the maximum seed yield (21.34 and 21.49 q ha^-1), stover yield (73.5and 73.47 kg ha^-1), harvest index (22.64 and 23.55%), and quality attributes like oil content (40.7 and 42.33%), Iodine value (105.85 and 110.08) were recorded at 45kg S ha^-1. The combination of 120 kg N with 45 kg S ha^-1proved to be the most effective, leading to increased net return and a higher B: C ratio (2.85 and 3) compared to other nitrogen and sulphur levels in both years (2020-21 and 2021-22). It concluded that 120 kg N with 45kg S ha^-1 is possible to produce more yield, better quality and cost-effective in mustard crops under the agro-climatic conditions of Eastern U.P.

Efficacy of Different Fungicide Including Bio-fungicides against Rhizoctonia solani Causing Black Scurf Disease of Potato under Field Condition

Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Black scurf of potato caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is a major soil-borne disease responsible for significant yield and quality losses in potato-growing regions. Field experiments were conducted during 2024–25 and 2025–26 at SIF, C.S.A.U. & T., Kanpur, to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides and biofungicides against black scurf disease under field conditions. A total 17 treatments comprising tuber treatment and soil drenching with biofungicides (Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis) and fungicides (penflufen, pencycuron, carbendazim + mancozeb, and thiram) were tested in a randomized block design with three replications using infected seed tubers of cv. Kufri Chipsona-1. The results from both years revealed that all treatments significantly improved germination, plant growth, and yield while reducing disease incidence, severity, and black scurf disease index (BSDI) compared to untreated control. Among all treatments, tuber treatment with pencycuron 22.9 SC @ 0.25% proved most effective, recording the highest germination (up to 93.66%), maximum plant height (up to 59.74 cm), lowest disease incidence (7.83%), severity (3.46%), and BSDI (0.36%), along with the highest tuber yield (326.73 q/ha). This was closely followed by penflufen 240 FS @ 0.083% and Trichoderma harzianum treatments. Whereas, biofungicides were moderately effective, with T. harzianum performing better than other bioagents. In contrast, the untreated control recorded the highest disease incidence (up to 41.63%) and lowest yield (248.33 q/ha). Overall, the study demonstrates that tuber treatment with pencycuron, followed by penflufen and T. harzianum, is highly effective for managing black scurf disease of potato under field conditions. Integration of chemical fungicides with biofungicides can be a promising strategy for sustainable disease management.

Comparative Effect of Organic (Cow Dung and Poultry Manure) and Inorganic Fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10) on Growth Response and Physiological Performance of Solanum lycoperscum (Tomato)

Onyekachukwu M. Adinkwu, Uyoyoghene O. Isodje, Ayomide J. Oniko — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background & Aim: Fertilization strategies are carried out to influence the growth and physiological quality of plants. However, the increasing need for sustainable agriculture and eco-friendly practices, has brought about an increase in the use of organic manure. This study aims to evaluate the comparative efficacy of organic (cow dung, and poultry manure) and inorganic (NPK 20:10:10) fertilizer on growth response and physiological performance of Solanum lycoperscum (Tomato).

Study Design: The seeds of tomato variety Cobra 26 were used for this study. Three weeks old tomato seedlings were transplanted into 4 groups of transplanting bags. Control group containing only topsoil; NPK group containing 5g of NPK 20:10:10 + 10kg topsoil; Poultry droppings group containing 250g of poultry droppings + 10kg topsoil and cow dung group containing 250g of cow dung + 10kg topsoil. Morphological and agronomic data was collected weekly for 5 weeks starting from week 2 after transplantation.

Methodology: Tomato growth determined with leaves numbers and plant height. Chlorophyll a and b content was estimated via spectrophotometric methods. The Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to determine total phenol content in plant leaves, stem and root. Biomass was evaluated by taking the total dry weight of plant leaves, fruits, root and stems.

Results: Number of leaves increased significantly with weeks as follows; control (19.33 - 61), cow dung (19.33-62.67), poultry manure (13.67 - 79) and NPK (22.33 - 95). Plant height increased with weeks as follows; Control (8.03 - 20.03), cow dung (7.20-24.90), poultry manure (5.73 - 31.63) and NPK (9.87 - 38.17). An increase in plant biomass was observed with control (18.11g), cow dung (11.20g), poultry manure (25.93g) and NPK (35.74g). Total phenol (mg GAE/g FW) increased in the leaves (control, 44.17; NPK, 51.50; cow dung, 75.02; poultry manure, 92.47) stem (control, 30.47; NPK, 37.61; cow dung, 61.98; poultry manure, 77.75) and root (control, 20.18; NPK, 25.84; cow dung, 46.19; poultry manure, 63.70). An increase was observed in chlorophyll a (mg/g^-1) (control, 19.38; NPK, 25.62; cow dung, 31.89; poultry manure, 41.55) and b (control, 4.42; NPK, 7.58; cow dung, 10.74; poultry manure, 13.58).

Conclusion: Inorganic NPK treatments are highly effective at promoting rapid vegetative expansion and biomass accumulation while organic manure, notably poultry manure, provide superior benefits regarding biochemical composition, including elevated total phenol and chlorophyll levels.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Germination, Growth and Seed Yield of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

Sonal Verma, Amit Dixit, Ganesh Prashad Nag, Bhagwat Kumar, Sonal Tiwari — Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), an important spice crop, often suffers from poor and uneven germination due to hard seed coats and physiological dormancy, leading to reduced crop establishment and yield. Plant growth regulators such as GA₃ and NAA can improve germination, growth, and productivity, with previous studies showing significant enhancements in plant growth, flowering, and seed yield in coriander. A field investigation was conducted during the rabi season of 2024-25 at the College of Horticulture and Research Station, Sankara, Patan, Durg, Chhattisgarh, to evaluate the influence of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the germination and growth of coriander. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments and three replications. Treatments included varying concentrations of Gibberellic Acid (GA₃), Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), and Thiourea. Results revealed that seed soaking with GA₃ @ 150 ppm (T₃) was the most effective treatment, recording the minimum days taken to seed germination (3.5 days), highest germination percentage (83.67%), and maximum seed yield (16.3 q ha⁻¹). NAA @ 150 ppm was found to be the next best alternative, while the control group showed the poorest performance across all parameters.

Influence of Seed Priming with Seaweed-based Biostimulant on Growth and Yield of Maize under Water Stress Conditions in West Bengal, India

Hazika Shabir, Sanjoy Kumar Bordolui, Kanu Murmu — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the world’s most important cereal crops, but its productivity is frequently limited by water stress. Seed priming with biostimulants has proven to be an effective technique for increasing seed vigour, germination, and crop establishment in adverse environmental conditions. The study was conducted during the pre-kharif season of 2024 at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, to evaluate the effect of seed priming with a seaweed-based biostimulant (Ascophyllum nodosum extract) on growth, physiological parameters, and yield of maize under water stress conditions. The experiment was conducted in a randomised block design with seven treatments and six replications of the maize variety Vikram. Before sowing, seeds were treated with varying concentrations of A. nodosum extract and a bio-enzyme (Seedplus). The findings revealed that seed priming had a significant effect on field emergence, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), plant height, root length, cob characteristics, and maize yield attributes. Seed priming with A. nodosum at 1.5 ml kg^-1 seed (T₄) resulted in the highest field emergence (49.67%), SPAD value (37.98), root length (78.42 cm), cob length (25.07 cm), number of seeds per cob (386.67), and seed weight per cob (132.50 g). This treatment produced the highest seed yield (12.22 kg plot^-1 and 10.18 t ha^-1), indicating superior performance under water stress conditions. The seaweed extract contains growth-promoting substances, micronutrients, and phytohormone-like compounds that improve metabolic activity, nutrient uptake, and stress tolerance, which may explain the increased growth and yield. The study suggests that seed priming with Ascophyllum nodosum extract at 1.5 mL/kg seed is an effective and sustainable strategy to improve maize productivity under water stress conditions. It may be recommended for cultivation in regions with limited water availability.

Optimisation of Fertiliser Requirements for Cotton Grown under Irrigated Alfisols

D. Vijaya Lakshmi, T. Prabhakar Reddy, K. Sridhar, M. Goverdhan — Fri, 19 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Variability in rainfall, nutrient imbalance and soil constraints limit cotton productivity, while irrigation can alter nutrient availability, crop nutrient uptake and yield potential. A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2023 and Kharif 2024 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Nagarkurnool district, Telangana, India, to evaluate irrigation and fertiliser management in cotton grown on Alfisols. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with two irrigation levels, rainfed (I₀) and irrigated (I₁), as main treatments and five fertiliser treatments as sub-treatments: farmers’ practice, recommended dose of fertilisers (RDF), RDF + 5 t FYM ha⁻¹, 120% RDF + 5 t FYM ha⁻¹ with four split applications of urea and 120% RDF + 5 t FYM ha⁻¹ with five split applications of urea. Data pooled over two years showed that irrigation significantly increased kapas yield (1836 kg ha⁻¹) and stalk yield (3184 kg ha⁻¹) compared with rainfed conditions. Among fertiliser treatments, 120% RDF + 5 t FYM ha⁻¹ with five split applications of urea recorded the highest kapas yield (1940 kg ha⁻¹) and stalk yield (3156 kg ha⁻¹), followed by the four-split treatment with the same nutrient level. Irrigation also produced higher gross returns (Rs. 142,374 ha⁻¹), net returns (Rs. 78,994 ha⁻¹) and benefit-cost ratio (2.25) than rainfed cultivation. Among nutrient treatments, the five-split treatment recorded the highest net returns (Rs. 82,186 ha⁻¹) and benefit-cost ratio (2.2). The irrigation × fertiliser interaction was non-significant. The results indicate that irrigation, integrated nutrient management and split nitrogen application can improve cotton productivity and profitability in Alfisols under the conditions of this study.

Soil–Nutrient Interactions and Drivers of Nutrient Availability in Semi-Arid Pomegranate Orchards of Western Maharashtra, India

Y. R. Shinde, P. Roopasowjanya, R. A. Marathe, V. P. Dhulap — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important fruit crop in India, and Maharashtra’s Solapur district is a leading production region. Proper soil fertility management is essential for maintaining yield, quality, and resilience to environmental challenges.

Aims: The present study aimed to assess variability in soil chemical properties and to examine interrelationships among major nutrients, secondary nutrients, and micronutrients in pomegranate-growing soils of Solapur district, Maharashtra, India, to support site-specific nutrient management strategies.

Study Design: A field survey-based analytical study was conducted using descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis to evaluate soil fertility variability and nutrient interactions.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the major pomegranate-growing tahsils of Solapur district, Maharashtra, namely Madha, Pandharpur, Sangola, Malshiras, and Mohol. Surface soil samples were collected from representative orchards during the cropping season.

Methodology: A total of 150 surface soil samples (0–15 cm depth) were collected from pomegranate orchards across the selected five tahsils. Soil samples were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), macronutrients (N, P, K, and S), secondary nutrients (Ca, Mg, and Na), and micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and B) using standard laboratory procedures. Descriptive statistics, including mean, range, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (CV), were calculated. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to determine relationships among soil properties and nutrients.

Results: The soils were slightly alkaline, with a mean pH of 8.09 and low variability (CV = 4.12%). Electrical conductivity exhibited high variability (CV = 50.20%), indicating differences in soil salinity across locations. Organic carbon showed a moderate positive correlation with nitrogen (r = 0.39). Available nitrogen varied from 97.80 to 338.45 kg ha⁻¹ (CV = 26.81%), while phosphorus ranged from 7.64 to 30.87 kg ha⁻¹ (CV = 27.07%) and potassium ranged from 162.28 to 660.20 kg ha⁻¹ (CV = 36.26%), occurring predominantly in medium to high fertility classes. Sulphur was high in 87% of samples, ranging from 12.04 to 67.20 mg kg⁻¹ (CV = 39.40%). Iron showed substantial variability (CV = 55.62%). Correlation analysis indicated a moderate positive association between OC and N (r = 0.39), whereas negative correlations involving EC may indicate that increasing salinity affects the availability or mobility of certain nutrients.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated considerable spatial variability in soil fertility parameters across pomegranate-growing regions of Solapur district. Organic carbon had an important role in nutrient availability, while localised salinity variation influenced nutrient distribution. The findings emphasise the need for site-specific nutrient management practices to improve soil health, nutrient use efficiency, and sustainable pomegranate production.

Integrated Nutrient Management through FYM, Zinc and Magnesium for Enhancing Yield of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) cv. Pusa Snowball-16

Swapnil Srivastava, Abhinav Kumar, Rudra Pratap Singh — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is a nutritionally rich and commercially important vegetable crop whose productivity largely depends on balanced nutrient management. The integrated application of farmyard manure (FYM) with micronutrients such as zinc and magnesium can improve soil fertility and nutrient uptake, thereby enhancing the yield and quality of cv. Pusa Snowball-16. A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2024–25 and 2025–26 at the Horticulture Farm, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, to evaluate the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) and micronutrient application on the growth and developmental parameters of cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball-16. The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Block Design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised control (T₁), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ (T₂), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₃), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₄), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₅), and Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₆).

The results revealed significant improvements in all yield parameters due to integrated nutrient application. Among all treatments, T₅ (FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹) recorded the highest curd depth (9.15 and 9.49 cm), curd diameter (12.79 and 12.63 cm), curd size index (128.44 and 125.26 cm²), net curd weight (1255.09 and 1185.99 g), gross curd weight (1502.82 and 1447.67 g), yield per plot (9.02 and 8.69 kg), yield per hectare (90.17 and 86.86 t ha⁻¹), and harvest index (64.18 and 60.86%) during both years.

The study concluded that the integrated application of FYM with zinc and magnesium significantly enhanced curd development and productivity of cauliflower. The results revealed significant differences among treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Treatment T₅ (FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹) recorded the highest curd depth, curd diameter, curd size index, net curd weight, gross curd weight, yield per plot, yield per hectare, and harvest index during both years.

Effect of Farmyard Manure and Micronutrient Application on Growth and Development of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) cv. Pusa Snowball-16 at Rajasthan, India

Swapnil Srivastava, Abhinav Kumar, Rudra Pratap Singh — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cauliflower is a nutritious and economically important cool-season cruciferous vegetable that originated in the Eastern Mediterranean region and was introduced to India in 1822. Its growth, yield and quality are highly dependent on suitable environmental conditions, soil health and appropriate nutrient management. A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2024–25 and 2025–26 at the Horticulture Farm, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India, to assess the effects of farmyard manure and micronutrient application on growth and developmental parameters of cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball-16. The study was laid out in a randomised block design comprising six treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised the control (T₁), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ (T₂), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₃), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₄), FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₅) and Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ (T₆).

The results revealed significant variation among treatments for all growth and developmental parameters. Treatment T₅ recorded the maximum plant height (36.14 and 35.94 cm), number of leaves per plant (19.17 and 17.35), leaf size (869.31 and 825.30 cm²), plant spread (51.56 and 51.32 cm), and the minimum days to curd initiation (57.98 and 57.49 days) during both years, respectively. The same treatment also recorded the earliest curd maturity from transplanting (73.71 and 73.12 days). The study indicated that the integrated application of FYM with zinc and magnesium significantly enhanced vegetative growth and accelerated developmental processes in cauliflower.

Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of FYM, zinc and magnesium on the growth and developmental attributes of cauliflower. The results revealed significant differences among treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Treatment T₅ (FYM @ 15 t ha⁻¹ + Zn @ 15 kg ha⁻¹ + Mg @ 15 kg ha⁻¹) recorded the maximum plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and plant spread, while also reducing the days to curd initiation and maturity.

Effect of Fruit Thinning Practices on Fruit Yield and Economics of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera l.) cv. Local

Shailesh K. Chaudhary, J. S. Patel, T. A. Desai, D. M. Dabhi, D. P. Suthar — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during 2024 at the Horticultural Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, to evaluate the effect of fruit thinning practices on yield-related parameters and economics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Local. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design with three replications and eleven treatments, including different levels of strand thinning, strand shortening, individual fruit thinning and an untreated control. Among the treatments, thinning 50% strands per bunch (T4) produced the highest fruit length (4.02 cm), fruit diameter (1.78 cm), 10-fruit weight (74.26 g), 10-fruit pulp weight (64.94 g), pulp: stone ratio (6.98) and number of fruits per strand (27.17). The effects of fruit thinning were non-significant for 10-fruit stone weight, number of bunches per palm, bunch weight and fruit yield expressed as kg/palm and t/ha. The highest fruit yield (115.75 kg/palm; 18.06 t/ha) and the highest net realisation (₹400665/ha) with a benefit-cost ratio of 2.84 were recorded under thinning 30% strands per bunch (T3). The findings indicate that fruit thinning, particularly 50% strand thinning, improved selected fruit physical traits, whereas 30% strand thinning provided the best yield and economic outcome under the conditions of this study.

Metroglyph Analysis for Estimation of Morphological Variation in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Germplasm

Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop with considerable significance for food and nutritional security. The present study evaluated morphological variation among 21 chickpea genotypes, including 20 germplasm lines and the check variety Pusa-362, using Metroglyph and index score analysis. The experiment was conducted using a randomised block design with three replications, and data were collected for twelve quantitative traits associated with phenology, plant architecture, yield-contributing attributes and seed yield. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits examined, indicating the presence of considerable genetic variability within the experimental material. For all traits, the phenotypic coefficient of variation exceeded the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation, suggesting the influence of environmental factors on trait expression. High broad-sense heritability estimates were observed for biological yield (96.28%), days to maturity (96.02%), and number of pods per plant (95.96%), reflecting the predominance of genetic effects in the inheritance of these traits. Furthermore, high genetic advance expressed as a percentage of the mean was recorded for biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, and seed yield per plant, indicating substantial scope for improvement through phenotypic selection and highlighting the effectiveness of these traits as selection criteria in breeding programmes. Based on Metroglyph analysis using number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant as plotting characters, the 21 genotypes were grouped into four complexes containing 11, 7, 2 and 1 genotype(s), respectively. Total index scores ranged from 20 to 29. Genotypes CG 75, CG 287 and CG 101 recorded high index scores and were distributed across different complexes, indicating their potential utility as diverse parental lines. The study suggests that Metroglyph analysis can support the preliminary classification of chickpea germplasm and assist in identifying promising genotypes for breeding programmes.

Impact of Biorational Insecticides on the Population of Syrphid Flies in Cowpea under Field Conditions

Suman, R. K. Meena, S. L. Sharma, Akhtar Hussain, D. R. Bajya, Suman Choudhary — Mon, 06 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aim: This study evaluated the impact of selected biorational insecticides on the population of syrphid fly maggots in cowpea under field conditions.

Study Design: The experiment was conducted in a randomised block design with eleven treatments, including an untreated control, and three replications. Cowpea variety CPD-119 was sown in plots of 3 m × 2 m at a spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm.

Place and Duration of Study: The investigation was carried out at the Instructional Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, during the Kharif seasons of 2024 and 2025.

Methodology: Syrphid fly maggot populations were recorded from five randomly selected and tagged plants in each plot. Observations were taken one day before spraying and at one, three, seven and ten days after each insecticidal application. The percentage reduction in population was calculated using Henderson and Tilton’s formula and analysed statistically after angular transformation.

Results: The pooled data indicated that the tested insecticides differed in their adverse effects on syrphid fly maggots. Fipronil 5 SC caused the greatest reduction in syrphid fly population, followed by spiromesifen 22.9 SC. Flubendiamide 39.35 SC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, spinosad 45 SC and emamectin benzoate 5 SG showed moderate adverse effects. NSKE 5% and azadirachtin 0.03 EC recorded the lowest reductions, followed by Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15 WP and Lecanicillium lecanii 1.15 WP.

Conclusion: Botanical and microbial treatments were comparatively safer to syrphid fly maggots than fipronil and spiromesifen.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Yield and Economic Return from Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. Pusa Desi

Nandnam Mishra, Vinay Kumar, Himanshu Trivedi, Shiwanand Pandey — Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study aimed to determines the effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Yield and Economic Return from Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. Pusa Desi. The study was conducted during the Rabi season of 2025–26 at the Horticulture Experiment Field, SAAST, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur (U.P.). The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments and three replications, comprising different combinations of the recommended dose of fertilisers (RDF), farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost and neem cake. Among all the treatments, T2 (100% RDF: NPK @ 100:50:50 kg/ha) recorded the maximum plant height (37.80 cm), root length (34.03 cm), root diameter (5.46 cm), average root weight (270.23 g) and root yield (42.83 t/ha), along with the highest gross return (Rs. 6,42,450/ha), net return (Rs. 4,99,482/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (3.49). T5 (75% RDF + vermicompost @ 1.5 t/ha) recorded the highest number of leaves per plant (14.26), TSS (4.46°Brix) and vitamin C content (16.92 mg/100 g). Based on overall performance, T2 (100% RDF) is recommended where maximum yield and economic return are the primary objectives, while T5 (75% RDF + vermicompost @ 1.5 t/ha) may be adopted where quality improvement and reduced chemical fertiliser use are priorities and may be considered the most suitable INM treatment for sustainable radish cultivation under the Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh.

Effect of Conservation Tillage and Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, and Productivity Performance of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in a Pearl Millet–Chickpea Cropping System of the Indo-Gangetic Plains

Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during the 2022–23 and 2023–24 kharif seasons at the ICAR–Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, to assess the effects of conservation tillage and integrated nutrient management on the growth, yield attributes, productivity and economics of pearl millet in a pearl millet–chickpea cropping system. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Four tillage treatments, namely ZT–ZT, ZT–CT, CT–ZT and CT–CT, were assigned to main plots, while four nutrient management treatments were allotted to sub-plots. Pooled results showed that tillage and nutrient management significantly influenced crop performance. Among tillage practices, ZT–ZT recorded the highest plant height (203.83 cm), dry matter accumulation (172.70 g plant⁻¹), SPAD value (63.11), biological yield (259.89 q ha⁻¹), grain yield (36.80 q ha⁻¹), stover yield (223.09 q ha⁻¹), net return (₹65,872 ha⁻¹) and benefit–cost ratio (1.85). Among nutrient management treatments, FYM @ 10 t ha⁻¹ + crop residue (100%) + biofertilisers produced the highest dry matter accumulation (178.99 g plant⁻¹), SPAD value (63.28), biological yield (263.58 q ha⁻¹), grain yield (37.78 q ha⁻¹), stover yield (225.80 q ha⁻¹), net return (₹61,304 ha⁻¹) and benefit–cost ratio (1.69). The findings indicate that zero tillage combined with organic amendments, crop residue retention and biofertilisers can improve pearl millet productivity and profitability under the studied conditions.

Adoption Behaviour of Organic Manures by Grape Growers in Karnataka, India

Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study examined the adoption behaviour of organic manures among grape growers in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka during 2023–24. An ex-post facto research design was used. Chikkaballapura district was purposively selected because it has a larger area under grape cultivation in southern Karnataka. Two taluks, namely Chikkaballapura and Sidlaghatta, were selected based on the area under grape cultivation. From these taluks, 12 villages were selected, and 120 grape growers, comprising 60 small farmers and 60 big farmers, were included in the study. Data were collected using a pre-tested interview schedule and analysed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, correlation and multiple regression analysis. The findings showed that 44.17 per cent of grape growers had low adoption of organic manures, 35.83 per cent had medium adoption and 20.00 per cent had high adoption. Overall, 80.00 per cent of respondents belonged to the low-to-medium adoption categories. Farmyard manure and oil cakes were more commonly adopted, whereas vermicompost, green leaf manure and biofertilisers showed lower adoption. Education, knowledge regarding organic manures, economic orientation, mass media participation, extension participation and extension contact showed a highly significant relationship with adoption. Age, experience in grape cultivation, cosmopoliteness, innovativeness and risk orientation showed a significant relationship with adoption. The study indicates the need for focused extension interventions, practical training and improved access to organic inputs to enhance adoption among grape growers.

Evaluation of the Integrated use of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Trichoderma spp. for Yield Improvement in Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Thu, 16 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study evaluated the synergistic effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and beneficial rhizospheric microorganisms on the growth, root colonisation, and yield of mustard (Brassica juncea L.), a crop traditionally regarded as a poor or non-mycorrhizal host. A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2023–2024 and 2024–2025 at the Research Farm of Nirmal Seeds Pvt. Ltd., Maharashtra, India, using the mustard variety NIMOH-8. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design (RBD) with seven treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised soil application of a mycorrhizal powder formulation alone or in combination with Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Standard agronomic practices were followed throughout the study. Plant growth, yield attributes, and root colonisation were assessed at harvest, and roots were stained using the Phillips and Hayman (1970) technique. The application of bio-inoculants significantly improved growth and yield parameters compared with the untreated control. The highest number of siliquae per plant (541.9), seed yield per plant (14.13 g), and seed yield (23.28 q ha⁻¹) were recorded in T4, which comprised mycorrhizal powder formulation (250 g ha⁻¹) + Trichoderma viride WP (2.5 kg ha⁻¹). Treatment T7 (mycorrhiza + T. viride + Pseudomonas fluorescens) produced comparable results, with 525.7 siliquae per plant and a yield of 23.15 q ha⁻¹. Microscopic examination of stained roots confirmed AMF colonisation in the combined inoculation treatments, characterised by intraradical hyphae, vesicles, external mycelium, and arbuscules; no fungal colonisation was observed in the untreated control. Enhanced root colonisation was associated with improved plant growth and productivity, indicating a positive interaction between AMF and beneficial rhizospheric microorganisms. The study demonstrated that integrating AMF with Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens enhanced mycorrhizal establishment, nutrient acquisition, and mustard productivity. Among the treatments tested, the combination of mycorrhiza and T. viride was the most effective. These findings indicate the potential of microbial consortia as an environmentally compatible strategy for improving mustard yield and crop productivity.

Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management on French Bean Productivity, Soil Properties, and Profitability under a Prunus salicina L. 'Mariposa'-Based Agroforestry System in the Kullu Valley

Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Integrated nutrient management may improve the productivity and resource-use efficiency of short-duration crops grown within fruit-tree-based agroforestry systems. This study evaluated French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under a mature plum (Prunus salicina L. 'Mariposa') orchard and in an open sole-cropping environment in the Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh.

Methods: Twelve nutrient-management treatments were evaluated under two production systems in a factorial arrangement with three replications. The treatments included recommended mineral fertiliser, farmyard manure, vermicompost, goat manure, Jeevamrut, combinations of mineral and organic sources, and an unfertilised control. Crop growth, pod and biological yield, selected post-harvest soil properties, and farm-level economic returns were assessed.

Results: Sole cropping produced greater pod length, pod width, number of pods, pod yield, and biological yield than the plum-based system, whereas the system difference in plant height did not exceed the reported critical difference. Across nutrient treatments, 50% recommended fertiliser plus 50% vermicompost (T7) produced the highest mean plant height, pod length, pod width, number of pods, pod yield, and biological yield. The plum-based system had lower post-harvest bulk and particle density and higher soil organic carbon and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than sole cropping. The agroforestry system also produced a higher mean net return (US$3,616.40 ha−1) and benefit-cost ratio (3.44) because plum income offset the reduction in understory bean yield. T7 produced the highest treatment-level mean net return, whereas 100% recommended fertiliser produced the highest treatment-level mean benefit-cost ratio.

Conclusion: The results indicate a site-specific trade-off between maximum French bean yield in the open system and improved selected soil indicators and whole-system profitability under plum-based agroforestry. Combining mineral fertiliser with vermicompost was the most consistently productive nutrient strategy for French bean in this trial.

Aerides maculosa Lindl. (Orchidaceae): Taxonomic and Ecological Insights from Southern Plateau Region of Chhattisgarh, India

Suvigya Gautam, Rajeshwari Sahu, Neelima Khunte — Sat, 18 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A floristic exploration conducted during 2024-2025, 2025-2026 in the Bastar plateau region of Chhattisgarh documented the occurrence of Aerides maculosa Lindl. (Orchidaceae) in Patraguda village, Farasgaon block, Kondagaon District, Chhattisgarh, India. The species was observed as an epiphytic orchid growing on mature trees in tropical moist deciduous forest habitat at an elevation of about 649 m. The plant was identified on the its pendulous epiphytic habit, thick silvery-white aerial roots, distichous leathery leaves with an unequally bilobed apex, pendulous racemose inflorescence, fragrant white flowers with purplish-pink spots, trilobed labellum, curved spur and typical orchid pollinia. The species was associated with moist deciduous forest vegetation dominated by Shorea robusta, Terminalia arjuna, Syzygium cumini, Tectona grandis and Madhuca longifolia. Other epiphytic orchids observed in the habitat included Vanda tessellata, Rhynchostylis retusa and Dendrobium ovatum, indicating the presence of a suitable microhabitat for epiphytic orchid diversity. Previous records of A. maculosa are mainly from the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and parts of Northeast India, and the present finding extends its known distribution to the Bastar plateau of Chhattisgarh. The record highlights the floristic importance of the Kondagaon region and suggests that orchid diversity in Chhattisgarh remains insufficiently explored, particularly in forest canopy habitats. Conservation attention is required because epiphytic orchids depend on suitable host trees, humidity and intact forest microhabitats. Continued surveys, voucher-based documentation and habitat protection are recommended to improve understanding of orchid diversity in the region.

Evaluation of Nutrient Enriched Coco-Briquettes on Nutrient Content and Yield of Chilli

V. P. Gadha, N. K. Binitha — Tue, 21 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The sustainable management of coconut biomass waste is a critical challenge in Kerala's agricultural sector, where systematic replanting generates substantial residues. This study evaluates the efficacy of converting this waste into nutrient-enriched coco-briquettes for use as a slow-release fertilizer (SRF) in chilli (Capsicum annuum L., variety Ujwala) production. the briquettes were produced from powdered coconut shell, husk, leaf, and wood waste and enriched with chemical fertilizers at 100% (T₅) and 75% (T₆) of the recommended primary nutrients.

A field experiment compared these briquette treatments against standard strategies, including the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) Package of Practices (T₂) and soil test-based recommendations (T₄). Chemical analysis revealed that the coco-briquettes possess a nutrient-rich organic substrate with high organic carbon (51.50%) and lignin (25.65%), suggesting a slow decomposition rate beneficial for long-term soil structure. Results indicated that while soil test-based recommendations (T₄) achieved the highest total yield (1543.25 kg/ha) and capsaicin content (0.77%), the 100% nutrient-enriched briquettes (T₅) performed competitively, yielding the third best biometric observations and second-highest ascorbic acid content (32.89 mg/100g). Furthermore, briquette-amended soils showed high organic carbon levels (up to 1.22%) compared to traditional inorganic treatments. However, the application of briquettes also led to a slight reduction in soil pH and increased electrical conductivity (EC) due to high salt and lignin concentrations. The study concludes that nutrient-enriched coco-briquettes serve as an effective delivery system, combining immediate nutrient availability with the structural benefits of organic matter. Future applications should involve pre-treatment of biomass to mitigate soil acidification and high salinity issues.

Soil Acidification is Associated with Plant-Parasitic Nematode Dominance and Ecosystem Degradation in Kenyan Sugarcane

Mutua Justus Komu, Dorcus Lusweti, Paul Wanjala, Danny Colyne — Tue, 21 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is a crucial cash crop in Kenya's western sugar belt, yet its productivity is constrained by interrelated soil chemical deficiencies and soil-borne pests. This study examined nematode-community dynamics and soil physicochemical properties across five representative smallholder sugarcane farms (Farms A–E) in the Sangalo area of Nandi County. Soil assessment indicated marked chemical stress, characterised by high acidity (pH = 4.88) and depleted macronutrients (total nitrogen = 0.4%, available phosphorus = 6.5 ppm, and exchangeable potassium = 0.56 meq/100 g). Nematode communities were dominated by plant-parasitic nematodes, particularly Helicotylenchus spp. and Pratylenchus spp. Farm E had the highest Helicotylenchus spp. density, at 2,900 individuals per 100 g of soil. Ecological assessment using the Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index (H′) and Plant Parasitic Index indicated variation in community structure among farms. Farm B had the highest diversity (H′ = 1.58), whereas Farm E had the lowest (H′ = 1.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed negative associations between soil pH and Helicotylenchus abundance (r = −0.94, P = 0.017) and between Helicotylenchus density and community diversity (r = −0.996, P < 0.001). These findings indicate that acidic, nutrient-depleted soils were associated with greater plant-parasitic nematode dominance and reduced nematode-community diversity. Integrated soil-health management, including liming, balanced nutrient application, organic amendments, and appropriate nematode-management practices, may help improve soil conditions and restore trophic balance.

Optimization of Agronomic Practices in Spinach Beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. bengalensis) under Protected Conditions

A. B. Sruthy, Sheeba Rebecca Isaac — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: This study aimed to standardise agronomic management practices for spinach beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. bengalensis) under protected conditions.

Study Design: The experiment was laid out in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial randomised block design with three replications during the Rabi season under protected (rain-shelter) conditions. Spacing, nutrient management and number of harvests were evaluated as treatment factors.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, from October 2019 to January 2020.

Methodology: Treatments comprised two spacings (s₁: 20 cm × 10 cm; s₂: 30 cm × 10 cm), two nutrient-management practices (n₁: inorganic sources; n₂: organic sources) and three harvest schedules (h₁: four; h₂: five; h₃: six). Growth attributes and leaf yield were recorded, and the data were subjected to statistical analysis.

Results: A spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm produced a greater number of leaves, leaf area and leaf yield per plant, whereas 20 cm × 10 cm resulted in a higher leaf area index and leaf yield per 10 m². Inorganic nutrition produced the highest leaf area, leaf area index and leaf yield. Six harvests also produced the greatest values for these parameters. The combination of 20 cm × 10 cm spacing, inorganic nutrition and six harvests recorded the highest leaf yield (17.76 kg 10 m⁻²) and benefit–cost ratio (1.84).

Conclusion: Under the tested rain-shelter conditions, 20 cm × 10 cm spacing, inorganic nutrient sources and six harvests provided the highest yield and profitability.

Effect of Organic Manures and Bio-inoculants on Growth and Yield of Papaya (Carica papaya L.)

E. M. Shijini, K. Lila Mathew — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a fast-growing, nutrient-demanding fruit crop with continuous vegetative and reproductive development. The present study evaluated the effects of organic manures and bio-inoculants, applied with different levels of inorganic fertilisers, on the growth, flowering, yield attributes, and fruit yield of papaya cv. CO 7 under the humid tropical conditions of Kerala. The field experiment was conducted in a randomised block design comprising 12 treatments, three replications, and four plants per treatment. Treatments included combinations of the recommended dose of fertilisers (RDF; 240:240:480 g NPK plant⁻¹ year⁻¹), farmyard manure, vermicompost, poultry manure, biovermi, bone meal, wood ash, Trichoderma viride, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Biometric, floral, and fruit characteristics were recorded, and the data were analysed using MSTAT.C, with treatment means compared by DMRT. The treatment comprising RDF + vermicompost (13 kg plant⁻¹) + T. viride (5 g plant⁻¹) + P. fluorescens (10 g plant⁻¹) recorded the greatest plant height, collar girth, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit weight, fruit volume, seed number, and fruit yield. This treatment produced 42.59 kg fruit plant⁻¹. RDF + poultry manure (10 kg plant⁻¹) + the two bio-inoculants recorded the highest number of fruits per plant and a yield of 40.93 kg plant⁻¹. Fully organic treatments yielded less than the integrated nutrient treatments. Under the conditions of this study, combining RDF with vermicompost and bio-inoculants was the most effective nutrient-management treatment for papaya cv. CO 7.

Decade-wise Assessment on Growth and Instability of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) in Tamil Nadu, India

Tue, 28 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Solanum melongena L. is one of the most commercially significant vegetable crops in Tamil Nadu. This study examines the decade-wise growth performance and instability of brinjal area, production, and productivity in Tamil Nadu over 24 years (2001-02 to 2024-25) using Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and the Coefficient of Variation (CV%). The overall period registered positive CAGRs of +3.13%, +5.21%, and +2.01% for area, production, and productivity, respectively. Decade-wise analysis revealed a shift in growth pattern: while Decade 1 (2001-02 to 2010-11) showed balanced growth across all three dimensions (area: +2.43%, production: +10.41%, productivity: +7.78%), Decade 2 (2011-12 to 2020-21) registered the highest area expansion of +8.49% but a productivity decline of -3.05%, suggesting an area-driven rather than technology-driven growth phase. The partial Decade 3 (2021-22 to 2024-25) showed contraction in area (-5.47%) and production (-4.66%), with marginal productivity recovery (+0.85%). Instability analysis revealed high instability in area (CV = 37.87%) and production (CV = 48.14%), with moderate instability in productivity (CV = 22.78%). A noticeable shift in growth pattern from persistent below-mean performance before 2009 to sustained above-mean performance from 2015-16 onwards is identified. Policy interventions targeting productivity enhancement and price stabilisation are needed to ensure sustainable brinjal cultivation in Tamil Nadu.

Evaluating Manures and Biochar on Carbon and Nutrient Dynamics in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Field

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Declining soil organic matter and imbalanced fertiliser use threaten sustainable agricultural production in Bangladesh, where limited arable land demands efficient integrated nutrient management. This study assessed the effects of biochar, vermicompost, cowdung, and poultry manure, each combined with an Integrated Plant Nutrient System (IPNS)-based inorganic fertiliser dose, on chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) yield, soil carbon, and nutrient dynamics, compared with the recommended chemical fertiliser treatment. A field experiment was conducted during the 2018 rabi season at Shibalaya Upazila, Manikganj, using a randomised complete block design with five treatments and three replications. Soil samples collected every 30 days over five months were analysed for pH, organic carbon, and available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulphur. Poultry manure produced the highest fresh (9.79 t ha⁻¹) and dry (2.85 t ha⁻¹) chilli yields, followed by cowdung and vermicompost, whereas biochar yielded the lowest among the organic amendments (7.83 and 2.41 t ha⁻¹, respectively). Biochar, however, was the only treatment to increase soil organic carbon, recording a 7.14% gain after five months, while organic carbon declined under all other treatments, most sharply under the recommended fertiliser (−14.30%) and more modestly under vermicompost, cowdung, and poultry manure (−9.64% to −10.71%). Soil pH and available nutrients increased initially before gradually declining, with biochar maintaining the greatest improvement in available sulphur. These findings indicate that poultry manure is the most effective amendment for enhancing short-term chilli productivity, whereas biochar shows greater potential for long-term soil carbon sequestration and soil fertility improvement, a trend observed within a single cropping season that warrants confirmation over successive seasons. The results have practical implications for integrated nutrient and soil-carbon management policy in Bangladesh and comparable smallholder farming systems.

Phytoremediation Potential of Acacia polyacantha in Soil Contaminated with Crude-oil Petroleum Hydrocarbons: A Controlled Pot Study

Amel Hassan Abdallah — Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Petroleum hydrocarbons can constrain plant establishment and alter soil biological processes, but tolerant woody legumes may support gradual contaminant dissipation through rhizosphere-associated mechanisms. This controlled pot study evaluated the growth response of Acacia polyacantha seedlings in clay soil amended with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0% crude oil. Seedlings were maintained in a completely randomised design, with three independent pots destructively sampled at 60, 120, and 180 days for each concentration. Shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, and root fresh weight were measured. Extractable petroleum residue was determined by dichloromethane Soxhlet extraction, and selected hydrocarbon profiles were screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Culturable rhizospheric bacteria were enumerated on Starch Ammonium Agar. Seedlings survived all tested oil concentrations. Growth responses were non-linear across concentration and time: shoot length reached 37.63 cm in the 0.5% treatment at 120 days, whereas root length at 180 days was greatest in the 1.5% treatment (9.50 cm). Biomass varied markedly among harvests, with the highest shoot and root fresh weights recorded in the 1.0% treatment at 120 days. After 180 days, hydrocarbon reduction reached 76% in rhizosphere-associated soil compared with 49% in the comparison treatment. Qualitative chromatographic screening showed temporal changes in the number of detected compounds and peak profiles, with pentadecane frequently appearing as the first reported alkane peak. Heneicosane, tetracosane, and eicosane were detected in root extracts after 180 days. Bacterial abundance differed across sampling times (p = .001) but not among oil concentrations (p = .22). The results indicate that A. polyacantha can remain established under moderate crude-oil stress and is associated with substantial hydrocarbon dissipation. Because the analytical design did not fully resolve plant-mediated degradation from background losses, the findings support further controlled and field-scale evaluation rather than a definitive claim of remediation efficacy.